===== SENSORS AND SCIENTIFIC GEAR =====

A bewildering array of technology is available to detect
virtually anything – from atoms to galaxies.

==== ACTIVE SENSORS ====

Active sensors detect objects by bouncing energy off them and analyzing the returned signal. Radar emits radio or microwaves, sonar uses sound, etc. All such sensors incorporate display panels or terminals that translate the raw data into a comprehensible image.

Active sensors are rated for sensor type and range. Detecting hidden targets or resolving fine detail requires an Electronics Operation roll; the specialty depends on the sensor (see p. B189). This is at no range penalty out to the sensor’s rated range. Each doubling of range beyond that gives -2 to skill.

Rolls are only allowed against targets within the sensor’s arc. Unless otherwise noted, assume that active sensors scan a 120° arc in front of them. In effect, they have No Peripheral Vision.

Specialized detectors within an active sensor’s arc can detect the energy that the sensor emits at up to twice the sensor’s range. The signal doesn’t simply vanish at that distance, of course – sensitive detectors may sense it from
much further away. Each type of sensor requires a different
kind of detector.

Targeting Mode: Expensive combat-capable or “tactical” sensors incorporate a “target-acquisition” or “fire-control” mode, which works identically for all active sensors: The sensor generates a narrow targeting beam. It requires an
Aim maneuver to “lock onto” a target that has already been detected. The sensor then acts as a rangefinder, determining the target’s precise range and speed. This gives +3 to hit with an aimed ranged attack – cumulative with the benefits
of targeting software.

=== Sonar (TL6) ===

Sonar (sound navigation and ranging) uses ultrasonic
sound waves to detect underwater objects and determine
their general shape. The term is courtesy of the WWII-era
U.S. Navy. As far back as 1917, the British called this technology
“ASDIC” in honor of the Anti-Submarine Detection
Investigation Committee, the group responsible for adopting
sound-based standards of submarine detection.

In addition to watching a display screen, most sonar
operators wear headphones that let them listen for audible
clues about the object being “pinged” by the sonar.
Make an Electronics Operation (Sonar) roll to detect or
identify an object. Ambient noise from sea life and other
ships interferes with detection, giving from -1 when near
noisy whales to -6 when trying to detect something in a
busy harbor. Sonar can also be “jammed” or fooled by an
extremely loud noise (e.g., an explosion).

Individuals or devices with Ultrahearing (p. B94) can
detect sonar.

Large Sonar (TL6). A powerful sonar suite and workstation,
found aboard military vessels (patrol boats, submarines,
etc.) or in a fixed station for harbor defense.
Range is 4,000 yards at TL6, 8,000 yards at TL7, and
20,000 yards at TL8. $2,000,000, 1 ton, external power.
LC4.

Medium Sonar (TL8). Sonar used by small boats or
deep-sea salvage divers. The diver-operated version looks
like a scuba tank with a display screen on the rear. Range
is 2,000 yards. $15,000, 50 lbs., 12¥L/4 hrs. LC4.

Small Sonar (TL8). A handheld sonar unit that resembles
a megaphone. It’s used by divers to detect underwater
mines, drowning victims, discarded murder weapons, etc.
Range is 100 yards. $2,000, 8 lbs., 8¥S/20 hrs. LC4.

=== Special Sonar Modes (TL6) ===

Tactical (TL6). Medium and large sonar can be bought with a military-style targeting mode. This can track and identify up to 10 targets at once out to the listed range, and give +3 to hit any of them with an aimed attack. ¥5 cost. LC2.

Imaging (TL8). At TL8, high-frequency sonar can render fine surface detail rather than merely revealing an object’s general shape. This allows sub-bottom profiling to detect objects beneath the floor of a body of water, much like ground penetrating radar (see right). Range is 1/10 normal. ¥5 cost, ¥2 weight. LC2.

=== Radar (TL7) ===

Radar (radio detection and ranging) uses high-frequency radio or microwaves to render an image of a distant object. Britain, Germany, and the U.S. developed it
simultaneously and independently in the 1930s. The first true demonstration of radar’s capability was the defeat of the Luftwaffe during the Battle of Britain in 1941, thanks to the Chain Home radar network. Radar has played a significant
role in almost every military operation since then. Today’s radars are smaller (often man-portable) and more powerful.

Radar indicates target speed, altitude, position, and approximate size. The GM can assume that radar automatically spots most moving targets that are in range and that fit its criteria. If a target is using radar countermeasures or being stealthy, though, the radar operator must win a Quick Contest of Electronics Operation (Sensors) skill against the Electronics Operation (EW) skill of an intruder with a jammer or the Stealth skill of an infiltrator on foot.

Radar is unimpaired by darkness, smoke, and bad weather, but it can’t see over the horizon, through solid obstacles, or underwater. It can’t discriminate between a moving human and a moving animal or vehicle of similar size. Background items make spotting stationary human-sized or smaller objects on the ground practically impossible in anything but open terrain. Assume that the operator
can’t distinguish nonmoving targets from “ground clutter” unless he previously saw that particular “blip” moving.

Large Radar (TL7). A 100-mile range radar station for surface-to-air missile sites, airports, warships, or search aircraft. It consists of a large tower or radome, a cabinet full of equipment, and 1-3 workstations. $1,000,000, 10
tons, external power. LC3.

Medium Radar (TL7). A 15-mile range radar mounted on a tripod or a vehicle. $50,000, 100 lbs., external power. LC3.

Small Radar (TL7). A 3-mile range radar, typical of those found on marine vessels, civilian aircraft, and ground vehicles used by “storm chasers.” $10,000, 30 lbs., external power. LC3.

In all cases, double range and halve weight at TL8.

=== Special Radar Modes (TL8) ===

The radars above (but not ground-penetrating or thru-wall radar) can be bought with these modes:

Low-Probability Intercept (TL8). LPI radar uses rapid, frequency-agile bursts of energy. This halves range, but the signal can only be detected at 1.5 times the halved range (instead of at twice the usual range). ¥5 cost. LC2.

Tactical (TL8). This is military-style targeting radar. It can track up to 10 targets at once out to the listed range, identify their general class at 1/10 that range, and give +3 to hit any of them with an aimed attack. ¥5 cost. LC2.

=== Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) (TL8) ===

This is Imaging Radar (p. B81) tuned to produce a subsurface scan that shows the inside of an object. It can locate old roads, burial grounds, buried pipes and wires, caverns, land mines, and long-buried treasure. In 1988, a search team using a GPR successfully located “The Lost Squadron”: a flight of eight Lockheed P-38 fighters abandoned in Greenland in 1942. A recovery crew worked for
three months to dig one of the P-38s out of nearly 90 yards of ice. The old warbird, dubbed Glacier Girl, was fully restored and flew again in 2002.

Object detection depends on many factors, including the composition and alignment of the object under scrutiny, and the material around it. In general, a GPR gets ¥20 range in ice but only ¥0.1 range in concrete or rock. A successful Electronics Operation (Scientific) roll can deduce the type of soil or the distance to bedrock, or detect buried items. Suitable software tools (p. 2) can generate 3D images from the data.

Handheld GPR (TL8). A ground-penetrating radar the size of a hardback book. It has a range of 1’. A 2” LCD screen is built into the top of the unit. A digital storage device (p. 22) records data. The internal rechargeable battery lasts for 2 hours. $10,000, 3 lbs. LC4.

Portable GPR (TL8). A shoebox-sized radar unit connected to a color LCD screen. It has a 10-yard range. The operator drags the radar across the ground while watching the screen. The internal rechargeable battery lasts for 2 hours. $50,000, 30 lbs. LC4.

=== Thru-Wall Radar (TL8) ===

Like ground-penetrating radar, this specially tuned
radar can see through solid objects and into the space
beyond. An example is the law-enforcement and security
tool marketed as Soldier Vision. It can see through a wall
a foot thick (wood, brick, gypsum, etc.) and detect a person
20 yards beyond that. Its range is less than 1’ through
concrete, however. It uses Electronics Operation
(Surveillance) skill. The rechargeable battery lasts 3
hours. $30,000, 10 lbs. LC3.

==== PASSIVE VISUAL SENSORS ====

Throughout TL5-6, “passive visual sensors” means the
Mark I Eyeball, assisted by ever-improving optics. At TL7,
sensors appear that work like normal vision but extend the
limits of human sight. In particular, great advances are
made in the area of night vision.
The most common feature of passive sensors is telescopic
magnification. Each doubling of magnification lets the
user ignore -1 in range penalties on Vision rolls while using
the sensor. The user can also “zoom in” on a particular target
by taking an Aim maneuver, which is useful for making
a more precise identification. While doing so, each doubling
of magnification cancels -2 in range penalties to see
that one target, but the sensor provides no bonus to spot
other targets.

When comparing real-world sensors to those described
here, note that the listed magnifications represent a simplification
of a complicated issue. For most optics, aperture
size and eyepiece magnification define performance.
Determining the actual power of a telescope is a tricky
proposition, and involves aperture size, focal length, focal
ratio, etc.

Most of the sensors listed below can accommodate a
camera. This is affixed to the eyepiece for non-electronic
optics (all TL5-6 hardware). At TL7-8, electronic sensors
can be plugged into other electronics using a cable.
All of these devices protect the eye(s) behind them with
DR 1.

=== Optics (TL5) ===

During the Age of Sail, the telescope was a symbol of authority for military officers – especially naval officers. The “spyglass” was a near-constant feature in portraits of such men. Around 1830, binoculars came into use. They
replaced the telescope in the field, except for special applications,
and were de rigueur among officers in both World Wars.

One danger of optics is lens shine. On a bright day, the
telltale glint of field glasses can be seen on a Vision roll. To
avoid this, the user must make a Stealth roll. From mid-
TL5, hoods that partially obscure the lens are available,
granting +4 to Stealth for this purpose.
Binoculars (TL5). An officer’s “field glasses.” 4¥ magnification.
$100, 4 lbs. LC4.

Spyglass (TL5). A collapsible tube fitted with lenses.
Early models were made of brass, often with leather trim.
Such a spyglass can be used as a light club – and is fairly
well-balanced as a weapon – but will never again be useful
as a telescope! 4¥ magnification. Holdout -2. $25, 2 lbs.
LC4.
Binoculars (TL6). 6¥ magnification. $150, 3 lbs. LC4.
Pocket Spyglass (TL6). 4¥ magnification. Holdout -1. $5,
0.25 lb. LC4.

Scissors Telescope (TL6). During the trench fighting of
WWI, tripod-mounted stereoscopic telescopes were used for
rangefinding and surveillance. They were standard equipment
throughout WWII. Called “donkey ears” or “rabbit
ears” by the British, these extend 2’ above the observer –
well over the ramparts of most earthworks. An optional
movie-camera attachment is available. 6¥ magnification.
$1,000, 30 lbs. LC4.

Spotting Scope (TL6). A large scope mounted on a small
tripod. The observer must either be prone or place both
scope and tripod on a bench. 30¥ magnification. $300, 10
lbs. LC4.

Military-Grade Binoculars (TL7). From the 1960s, binoculars
such as these are often ruggedized (p. 10). 10¥ magnification.
$800, 2.5 lbs. LC4.

Military-Grade Binoculars (TL8). The lenses of modern
military binoculars are often coated to protect the eyes
from laser light (giving Protected Vision, p. B78) and fitted
with anti-reflective screens to reduce lens shine. 10¥ magnification.
$800, 3.5 lbs. LC3.

Stabilized Binoculars (TL8). Some advanced civilian
binoculars incorporate mechanical stabilization. This eliminates
up to -3 in movement penalties – handy when observing
from a vehicle. 10¥ magnification. $5,000, 4 lbs. LC4.

=== Night-Vision Optics (TL7) ===

The earliest night-vision devices were developed in the
1930s – an accidental discovery made during work on television
cameras. They were monstrous cabinets that popped
and hissed, and produced little more than a blurry image.
During WWII, the British, Germans, and Americans all
developed their own night-vision equipment, which was
further refined throughout the Cold War. Modern systems
are lightweight and cheap. They’re an essential military and
police tool, but also used by wildlife-management personnel,
bird watchers, journalists, and sailors.

The devices described below use near-infrared and/or
computer-enhanced light-intensification optics to amplify
ambient light levels. They’re rated for the level of Night
Vision (p. B71) they provide. Each level lets the user ignore
-1 in combat or vision penalties due to darkness. This has
no effect on the -10 for total darkness, though. Some viewers
offer telescopic magnification as well. In all cases, the
user has Colorblindness (p. B127), No Depth Perception
(p. B145), and No Peripheral Vision (p. B151) while using
the optics.

Early Night-Vision Binoculars (TL7). A primitive nightvision
viewer like the top-secret British TABBY device used
during the Normandy invasion of 1944. It requires an IR
illuminator (see IR Illumination, p. 47) to be effective.
Gives Night Vision 2. $5,000, 3 lbs., 4¥XS/20 hrs. LC4.
Night-Vision Binoculars (TL7). A typical vehicle- or
tripod-mounted Cold War surveillance device, used from
the Berlin Wall to the jungles of Vietnam. Standard equipment
aboard AFVs and warships. Gives Night Vision 4. 16¥
magnification. $15,000, 35 lbs., 4¥XS/20 hrs. LC4.
Military Surplus Night-Vision Binoculars (TL8). This is
reconditioned “military surplus” hardware, often with
older Eastern Bloc components, like that peddled in survivalist
magazines. Typically has a built-in IR illuminator
(see IR Illumination, p. 47). Gives Night Vision 4. $200, 1
lb., 2¥XS/30 hrs. LC4.
Night-Vision Binoculars (TL8). Handheld, long-range
night-vision binoculars. Gives Night Vision 9. 16¥ magnification.
$6,000, 3 lbs., 2¥XS/20 hrs. LC4.
Night Vision Goggles (TL8). Head-mounted goggles –
known as “NVGs” or “NODs” – such as the U.S. Army’s
AN/PVS-7 series, often worn on a flip-up helmet mount.
Early versions were issued to helicopter pilots. Gives Night
Vision 7-9. $3,500, 1.5 lbs., 2¥XS/20 hrs. LC4.

=== IR Illumination ===

Most night-vision optics and thermographs pick up
visible and infrared wavelengths. An infrared filter
placed over a light source such as a flashlight completely
blocks the passage of visible light but permits
infrared – which is invisible to the naked eye – to shine
through. Night-vision gear within such a source’s normal
range can function even in total darkness, and
gains two additional levels of artificial Night Vision.
However, anybody with night-vision optics or a thermograph
will see this “active IR” source as a flashlight
or a spotlight, and get +4 to all rolls made to locate it
(Vision, Observation, Electronics Operation, etc.).

=== Thermographs (TL7) ===

Thermographs are devices that detect the infrared spectra
emitted by objects at different temperatures and then
build up a black-and-white (or more rarely, false-color)
image of the environment. The first thermographs – called
“forward-looking infrared” (FLIR) – were used on helicopters
and fixed-wing gunships in Vietnam. Today, infantrymen,
police, firefighters, and high-end security systems all
benefit from “thermal imaging” technology.

A thermograph lets the user observe or fight at no darkness
penalty, even in absolute darkness, if his target emits
heat – which is typical of all living beings and most
machines and electronics. It gives +2 to all Vision rolls to
spot such targets, since their heat stands out from the background.
It can also, at no bonus, distinguish targets that are
warmer or colder than their surroundings: a running
engine, hand prints on a recently handled object, a blood
trail in the snow, etc. This grants +3 to Tracking rolls if the
trail is no more than an hour old.

Thermal imaging doesn’t distinguish real colors, which
may limit the ability to use some controls, and only allows
the user to judge the general size and shape of heatemitting
objects – including living beings. For instance, a
scout might have trouble telling two people of the same size
apart. Roll at -4 to distinguish objects of similar size and
shape. As well, the GM may require a Vision-4 roll to read
by reflected heat.

Thermographs have some other drawbacks, too. A sudden
flash of heat (e.g., flare, fiery explosion, or infrared
laser) can blind them, just as a flash of bright light can
blind ordinary vision. Early thermographs are artificially
cooled and need 1-2 minutes to reach operational status
after being switched on. At mid-TL8, thermographs do
away with the bulky cooling system and can be ready in 3-
5 seconds.

All of the systems below grant the equivalent of
Infravision (p. B60), but also give the user Colorblindness
(p. B127), No Depth Perception (p. B145), and No
Peripheral Vision (p. B151) while in use. Most include some
level of telescopic magnification as well.

Thermal-Imaging Sensor (TL7). A long-range thermal
telescope of the type found on military aircraft, unmanned
aerial vehicles, television helicopters, etc. 32¥ magnification.
$40,000, 50 lbs., external power. LC3.

Mini-Thermal Imager (TL8). A pocket-sized viewer that
can be mounted on a weapon, or used as a handheld viewer
or – with a helmet mount – a hands-free monocular.
$10,000, 1 lb., 2¥XS/7 hrs. LC4.

Thermal-Imaging Binoculars (TL8). Used by military,
police, border patrols, rescue teams, and others. 8¥ magnification.
$7,000, 3 lbs., 4¥XS/4 hrs. LC4.

Thermal-Imaging Goggles (TL8). A thermal-imaging
camera mounted on a helmet or a head-strap. 4¥ magnification.
$13,000, 1.5 lbs., XS/2 hrs. LC4.

Thermal-Imaging Surveillance Camera (TL8). A security
camera for outdoor surveillance. It’s standard equipment at
such high-security installations as nuclear power plants. 4¥
magnification. $7,000, 1 lb., external power. LC4.

==== INDIRECT PASSIVE SENSORS ====
New weapons and vehicles fielded in the World Wars
spur the development of many non-visual passive sensors
at TL6. Cold War cat-and-mouse games played with spies,
subs, and nukes at TL7 – and efforts to enforce global security
at TL8 – ensure that such technologies continue to
mature. Except as noted, these detectors are omnidirectional
and don’t require a line of sight.

=== Chemical Detectors (TL6) ===

In April 1915, the Germans released over 150 tons of
chlorine gas during the Second Battle of Ypres. French and
Algerian troops fled in panic, and the German infantry
slogged forward into a gap four miles wide. This was the
Western Front’s introduction to gas warfare.

At TL6-7, chemical detection relies on reactive papers or
powders. At TL8, an “artificial nose” can sniff out chemicals
in the atmosphere and notify the operator. Each device
is designed to detect a specific class of agents, which might
be narrow or very broad.

Chemical Test Kit (TL6). The first detectors are strips of
paper treated to react to specific chemicals. They’re worn
on the sleeve by hazardous-materials workers and soldiers,
dipped in suspicious liquids, etc. At TL6, a positive test
means the paper changes color in a minute or two; at TL8,
reaction time is instant. A test kit of 50 strips, covering a
wide array of chemicals: $25, 0.5 lb. LC4.

Handheld Detector (TL8). This state-of-the-art handheld
unit can sense an entire range of dangerous or illicit substances
– typically chemical weapons, drugs, or explosives.
Detection range is about 1’. $60,000, 6 lbs., 4¥S/12 hrs. LC4.

Portable NBC Detector (TL8). This lunchbox-sized detector
automatically sounds an alarm in the presence of any
known NBC agent. It can be connected to other sensors to
form a perimeter, or monitored remotely from a laptop.
Most modern AFVs carry such a detector. $100,000, 15 lbs.,
M/14 hrs. LC4.

=== Hydrophones (TL6) ===

A hydrophone is a sensitive underwater microphone
that can detect and track moving or noisy objects in the
water. The British used hundreds of them as early as 1911,
mostly for navigation; buoys and other navigational aids
had bells affixed to the underside so that vessels could get
a bearing even in bad weather. By the end of WWII, the
Americans were airdropping “sonobuoys” in the Pacific.
During the Cold War, the U.S. developed a network of deepocean
hydrophones – the Sound Surveillance System
(SOSUS) – capable of tracking Soviet nuclear submarines
nearly anywhere in the world.

To detect a noisy underwater object, roll against
Electronics Operation (Sonar). Most hydrophones give a
bonus to this roll (see below). Look up the target’s size,
speed, and range separately on the Size and Speed/Range
Table (p. B550), and apply bonuses for size and speed, but
a penalty for range. Swift currents generate
“noise”; find the current’s speed on
the table and assess a speed penalty.

Success reveals the target’s location
(direction and distance), vector (speed
and direction of movement), rough size,
and general class based on sounds (e.g.,
“whale” or “nuclear sub”) – but not
shape, color, etc. This information gives
+8 to identify the target, +4 to shadow it,
and +3 to hit it with an aimed attack. If
using a hydrophone fix to direct an
attack, the modifiers that applied to the
detection roll also apply to the attack roll,
but can never give a bonus to hit.

Hydrophones automatically detect
sonar (pp. 45-46) and underwater communicators
(p. 40) at twice those systems’
range.

Large Hydrophone (TL6). A vehicle-based system – or at
TL7-8, a deep-ocean sensor like those that make up SOSUS.
+4 detection rolls. $1,000,000, 2,000 lbs., external power.
LC3.

Medium Hydrophone (TL6). A typical swimmerdetection
system. +2 detection rolls. $50,000, 200 lbs.,
external power. LC3.

Small Hydrophone (TL7). A compact device, like an airdropped
sonobuoy. $5,000, 15 lbs., M/4 hrs. LC2.

The detection bonus increases by +2 for each TL after
introduction.

=== Search Hydrophone (TL6) ===

Simple hydrophones are used for underwater research,
fishing, and perimeter surveillance. These don’t provide the
+3 targeting bonus. Typical TL7-8 trawlers carry small
search hydrophones. Divide cost by 10. Raise LC to 4.

=== Radiation Detectors (TL6) ===

The most basic radiation detector is chemically treated
film that darkens in the presence of radiation. During the
Manhattan Project, U.S. Army personnel wore badges
made from discarded photographic film. Later models have
colored level indicators, and are often built into ID or security
badges.

A Geiger counter is the radiation detector most familiar
to the average person, however. It measures the type (alpha,
beta, or gamma) and level of radioactivity. Readings can
give a user with Electronics Operation (Scientific) a clue as
to the radiation’s source. For instance, atomic weapons
contain uranium and plutonium, which are primarily alpha
emitters.

A dosimeter is different from either. It tracks total exposure
over a period of time and sounds an audible alarm if
the dosage reaches dangerous levels. People working
around radioactive materials are normally required to wear
a dosimeter throughout their workday.

Geiger Counter (TL6). $800, 4 lbs., 4¥S/4 hrs. LC4.

Radiation Badge (TL7). This ID badge has a color strip
indicator that shows the total dosage to which it has been
exposed. $5, neg. LC4.

Geiger Counter (TL8). Has a digital
display. $400, 0.5 lb., XS/10 hrs. LC4.

Personal Dosimeter (TL8). Industrial or military versions are the size of a pager, but the electronics can be miniaturized to fit inside a wristwatch (p. 31). $120, 0.5 lb., 2¥XS/yr. LC4.

=== Sound Detectors (TL6) ===

From the start of the 20th century,
there were attempts to locate targets
via their acoustic emissions. During
WWI, sound detectors successfully
triangulated firing enemy artillery
this way. Sound-detection equipment
is available after 1910 in any industrialized
nation.

A sound detector gives +4 to Electronics Operation
(Sensors) rolls made to analyze and identify a particular
sound. It can also zero in on and magnify sounds from a
particular distant point for eavesdropping; this requires an
Aim maneuver. Sound detectors work only in air – not
underwater (use hydrophones, see above, which are far
more sensitive) or in vacuum.

Sound-Detection Gear (TL6). This sensitive array of
horns can locate a sound source of 100 decibels (firing
artillery piece, approaching aircraft, etc.) to within two
yards at a distance of 10 miles. Apply +1 to skill per mile
closer or 10 decibels louder, -1 per mile more distant or 10
decibels fainter. Ambient noise can give -1 to -10 (GM’s
decision). Multiple observation sites are necessary to triangulate
a target, and each site needs its own set of equipment.
Triangulation requires either successful observations
at three sites or a success at one and a critical success at
another. $10,000, 400 lbs., external power. LC3.

Directional Microphone (TL7). A mike that picks up
sound in a narrow cone similar in shape to a shotgun blast.
Headphones included. Amplifies a particular sound by 4¥
at TL7, 8¥ at TL8. $800, 3 lbs., 4¥S/10 hrs. LC4.

==== SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT ====

Scientific researchers use a lot of specialized, expensive
gear. Mad-scientist PCs can improvise to save money, but
there can be consequences beyond simple skill penalties.
Thomas Edison’s first “lab” was a loose collection of chemicals,
batteries, and glassware in a freight car. An accidental
fire ensured that the 15-year-old railroad employee was
promptly evicted!

=== Portable Laboratories (TL5) ===

A portable lab provides the scientific equipment necessary
to conduct research in the field, away from specialized
analysis systems and major research facilities. It’s dedicated
to a particular skill – Archaeology, Biology, Chemistry,
Farming, Forensics, Geology, Metallurgy, Paleontology,
Pharmacy, or any other scientific skill. The included instruments
fulfill that skill’s equipment requirements when
gathering and analyzing samples. If lab TL and skill TL
don’t match, apply Tech-Level Modifiers (p. B168).

For example, a TL6 suitcase chemistry lab is a portable
chemistry workshop. It lets anyone with Chemistry/TL6
analyze complex compounds, exotic alloys, etc. It can also
manufacture chemical compounds (such as explosives) in
small quantities.

Labs don’t get cheaper, lighter, or more effective as TL
increases. They allow use of higher-TL skills and applications.
At TL7-8, all labs require external power or a variety
of batteries.

Suitcase Lab (TL5). A “mail-order chemistry lab” or
equivalent. Takes at least 10 seconds to set up or pack.
Counts as basic equipment for the skill. $3,000, 20 lbs. LC4.

Field Lab (TL5). Equipment similar to that found in a
well-appointed high school or college lab. Takes at least a
minute to set up or pack. Gives +1 (quality) to skill.
$15,000, 200 lbs. LC4.

Mobile Lab (TL5). Enough equipment to fill a room.
Takes at least 15 minutes to set up or pack. Gives +2 (quality)
to skill. $75,000, 1 ton, external power. LC4.

=== Miscellaneous Scientific and Survey Devices (TL7) ===

Several items are useful not only for ordinary fieldwork
but also for espionage, detective work, and other adventuring
activities.

EM Field Meter (TL7). This device detects slight changes
in electromagnetic (EM) fields. Scientists use it to test electronic
equipment. Parapsychologists use it to detect the EM
fields that purportedly accompany supernatural events.
$500, 1 lb., S/10 hrs. LC4.

Fume Sponge (TL7). An absorbent tissue introduced into
a target area to collect dust, smoke, chemical droplets, etc.,
for later analysis. To analyze the materials on the sponge,
roll against Chemistry or Forensics. Success may confirm
the presence of a top-secret weapons factory, invisible pollution,
or even a particular person (from his chemical “fingerprint”
of toiletries, hair particles, body odor, etc.). $50,
0.5 lb. LC4.

Metal Detector (TL7). This is a handheld detector about a
yard long. The user wears the attached headphones and
sweeps the ground in front of him as he walks. If he finds
something metallic, the device will beep. A basic model –
often used as a mine detector – can detect metal up to 20”
underground, although 6” is more typical for small objects
like coins and rings. Higher-quality equipment can detect
large objects much deeper, and at TL8 has a screen that displays
the general shape and composition of the find. Halve
weight at TL8. $100, 12 lbs., 6¥S/8 hrs. LC4.

Dart Transmitter (TL8). This is a radio beacon in a standard
11mm dart (p. 89). Use a radio direction finder (pp. 38-
39) to track it. The internal battery lasts for 3 days. $200,
neg. LC4.

Pocket Weather Station (TL8). This cell phone-sized
device has a large display screen and a coin-sized wind turbine,
and displays altitude, barometric pressure, wind
speed, temperature, wind chill, relative humidity, and dew
point. The internal rechargeable battery lasts for 15 hours of
continuous monitoring or hundreds of “spot” readings.
$300, 0.5 lb. LC4.

TDS Tester (TL8). A pen-sized gadget that can detect the
total dissolved solids (TDS) level in water, indicating
whether water is safe to drink. $20, neg., T/1,000 hrs. LC4.

Temperature Gun (TL8). A non-contact infrared sensor
for reading the surface temperature of objects up to 12
yards away. Beyond its scientific and engineering uses,
ghost hunters claim it can detect “cold spots” generated by
some supernatural phenomena. $400, 0.5 lb., S/20 hrs. LC4.

===== Expedition Gear =====

In 1804, Lewis and Clark’s Corps of Discovery set out to
cross a continent. Along with them went two tons of equipment
selected by Lewis and his patron, President Thomas
Jefferson. Their list included 10 lbs. of fishhooks, a sextant,
a chronometer, and four compasses. The group returned
two and a half years and 8,000 miles later, having lost only
one companion (to a ruptured appendix, an untreatable
condition at the time).

A century later, Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen
spent two years in the Antarctic and was the first to reach
the South Pole – beating Englishman Robert Scott by a
mere 35 days. All of Amundsen’s party returned safely; all of
Scott’s perished. The deciding factor, according to
Amundsen, was planning and equipment.

==== LIGHTS ====

The well-prepared man always has a means of
making light; the paranoid man, several means.
Below are many options. For general game effects,
see Visibility (p. B394).

=== Candles (TL0) ===

Candles remain the main lighting technology through
TL5. In the 1700s, the average family used 40 lbs. of candles
a year. Lewis and Clark’s expedition took along moulds and
wick to make tallow candles as needed. During the
American Civil War, the U.S. Army ration was 1.5 lbs. of candles
per 100 men each day.

There are two major types of candles: tallow and wax.
Tallow candles are made from rendered fat; they stink, produce
more smoke, and sputter loudly as they burn. Wax candles
produce no odor unless perfumed, and are nearly silent.
A candle of either kind produces enough light to read by, or
to illuminate a 2-yard radius.

Tallow Candles (TL0). These are issued in some military
survival kits until the 1950s, because tallow can be eaten –
treat 0.5 lb. as a meal. Burns 4 hrs. per ounce (1/16 lb.). Per
ounce: $0.03. LC4.

Wax Candles (TL1). Made of beeswax, whale oil (spermaceti),
or paraffin. All produce a clean, odorless flame. Burns
8 hrs. per ounce. Per ounce: $0.30. LC4.

Candle-Lantern (TL5). A candle-lantern allows still-air
burning rates even in the wind. A typical model is the size of
soda can and equipped with a shutter to conceal the light.
$5, 0.5 lb. LC4.

=== Lanterns (TL5) ===

Oil-burning lanterns started to supplant candles as the
standard light source during the American Civil War period.
The trend continued until electricity finally reached the
most remote backwaters of the U.S. in the 1930s.

At TL5, the most common fuels are whale oil (made from
blubber), turpentine, and camphene (an alcohol-turpentine
mixture). At TL6+, lanterns typically burn kerosene
(p. 16) or lamp oil – purified kerosene that produces a
clean-burning flame. The duration of a pint of fuel is given
for each type of lantern, below.

Lanterns are much brighter than candles, but they aren’t
durable. They’ll break if dropped on hard ground (roll vs.
HT 6) and take 30-60 seconds to relight. They can burn in a
wet environment such as a rainstorm, but are instantly
extinguished if submerged.

Bull’s-Eye Lantern (TL5). A signal lantern used by sailors,
soldiers, police, and railroad conductors. It has a glass lens
and a shutter. Photographers cover the lens with red silk or
paper when working in the darkroom. A lantern of this type
was recovered from the wreck of the H.L. Hunley. 10-yard
beam. Pint/6 hrs. $25, 2 lbs. LC4.

Glass Lantern (TL5). Most lanterns were of
ornamental glass, and were kept by the
table for sewing or reading at night. Such
a lantern is fragile, and will cause a 1-yardradius
fire if it breaks (see Molotov
Cocktail, p. 191). Illuminates a 5-yard
radius. Pint/10 hrs. $15, 2 lbs. LC4.

Carbide Lamp (TL6). Popular with spelunkers
and miners since the 1890s, this consists
of a belt- or head-mounted light. The user
puts carbide and a small amount of water in the generator,
which produces acetylene gas. It burns for 5 hours on 0.25
lb. of carbide ($0.30 per refill). Illuminates a 5-yard radius
or projects a 10-yard beam. $50, 3 lbs. LC4.

Kerosene Lantern (TL6). A covered “hurricane” lantern
that can’t be blown out. It’s also self-dousing, so it has little
chance of causing a fire if dropped. Kerosene lanterns were
first produced in the 1860s and are still manufactured today.
At TL8, dual-fuel versions (¥2 cost) burn both gasoline and
kerosene. Illuminates a 5-yard radius. Pint/12 hrs. $25, 4 lbs.
LC4.

=== Electric Lanterns (TL6) ===

Electric lanterns appear at TL6 but can’t match the duration
of fuel-burning ones until TL8. On the other hand, they
can’t be snuffed by wind or doused by water, don’t require
dangerous fuel, and are safe in volatile atmospheres. Most
importantly, they can be turned on and off quickly.

Electric Lantern, Small (TL6). 3-yard radius. $5, 4 lbs.,
M/4 hrs. LC4.

Electric Lantern, Small (TL7). 3-yard radius. $5, 2 lbs.,
3¥S/4 hrs. LC4.

Electric Lantern, Large (TL8). 5-yard radius. Double cost
for dive-certified models that can operate to a depth of 600’.
$30, 3 lbs., 4¥S/20 hrs. LC4.

=== Flashlights (TL6) ===

Eveready’s “electric hand torch” debuted in 1898. The body was a paper tube. The flashlight’s small size and reliability made it a common item in almost every toolbox or automobile glove compartment by the 1920s.

A regular flashlight can be converted to an IR illuminator by adding a snap-on filter. Its bulb assembly can be changed to produce UV light, making it useful for forensic work, tracking alien blood, etc. Either modification costs $25.

It takes a Ready maneuver to turn a flashlight off or on, adjust the beam, switch settings, etc.

Flashlight (TL6). A basic flashlight. Batteries last 10¥ as long at TL8. 10-yard beam. $20, 1 lb., 2¥S/5 hrs. LC4.

Micro-Flashlight (TL6). A tiny penlight or key-ring light. Batteries last 10¥ as long at TL8. 1-yard beam. $5, neg., T/2 hrs. LC4.

Mini-Flashlight (TL6). A pocket-sized light. At TL8, the batteries last 10¥ as
long and this type of light is often worn on the head, which allows hands-free use: the light points wherever the user is looking. 5-yard beam. $10, 0.25 lb., 2¥XS/1 hr. LC4.

Survival Flashlight (TL6). Gives 3 minutes of light after 30 seconds of winding or shaking. At TL8, double duration (to 6 minutes) but halve weight. 1-yard beam. $20, 1 lb. LC4.

Floodlight (TL7). A large, portable spotlight. Double cost for dive models that
can operate to a depth of 600’. If aiming the light in combat, treat as a searchlight (p. 228). 200-yard beam. $100, 3 lbs., M/4 hrs. LC4.

Smart Flashlight (TL8). A flashlight with a super-bright light and a dimmer switch. It can switch between white, red, green, and infrared-only (as an infrared illuminator, p. 47). 50-yard beam for 2 hour or a 5-yard beam for 40 hours. $300, 0.5 lb., 2¥XS. LC4.

Tritium Illuminator (TL8). A light the size of ballpoint pen cap, bright enough to let one read a map or see a keyhole. The radioactive tritium gas inside stimulates a phosphor, making it self-powered for 10 years. It can be
shuttered by turning a knob, but it can’t be shut off. $10,
0.1 lb. LC4.

=== Chemlight (TL7) ===

In the mid-1970s, the U.S. military developed a
chemical-luminescent light that didn’t produce heat or
require batteries. The “chemlight” or “glowstick” was born.
Simply snap the plastic rod and shake for three seconds.
Most models provide 12 hours of light and come in a variety
of colors – including a version that acts as an infrared illuminator
(p. 47). Illuminates a 2-yard radius. $2, 0.1 lb. LC4.

=== Tactical Lights (TL7) ===

Tactical lights are powerful, waterproof flashlights used
by soldiers and police. They come in to two sizes: small and
large. The small version can be mounted on any firearm,
and illuminates an area immediately in front of the muzzle.
Held in the fist, it can be used to deliver a devastating
punch; treat as brass knuckles (p. B271). The large model is
more powerful, and can be mounted on a rifle, shotgun, or
SMG. It counts as a baton (p. B273) in melee combat.

A tactical light is bright enough to momentarily stun the
opposition in potential surprise situations (p. B393). As well,
those who look directly into the light must make a HT-4 roll
or be temporarily blinded. Blindness lasts for 10 seconds
times the margin of failure.

A tactical light is the flashlight of choice for those who
need the most powerful, dependable hardware available.
Treat it as rugged and expensive to begin with (see Integrating
and Modifying Equipment) – don’t add those options again.

Large Tactical Light (TL7). 100-yard beam. $200, 2 lbs.,
4¥S/1 hr. LC4.

Small Tactical Light (TL7). 25-yard beam.
$100, 1 lb., 2¥S/2 hrs. LC4.

Large Tactical Light (TL8). 100-yard beam.
$200, 0.5 lb., 4¥XS/2 hrs. LC4.

Small Tactical Light (TL8). 25-yard
beam. $100, 0.25 lb., 2¥XS/2 hrs. LC4.

==== NAVIGATION INSTRUMENTS ====

At TL5, the basic tools of navigation
include the compass, the sextant, and the
marine chronometer. At TL8, GPS makes navigation
far easier and more precise.

=== Compass (TL5) ===

A compass exploits the fact that a magnetized needle orients
itself toward the Earth’s poles. This doesn’t reveal true
north, but magnetic north. (On other planets, the two might
be far apart, or there might not even be a magnetic field!) A
compass gives +1 to Navigation (Air, Land, or Sea). Styles
vary, from pocket watch-style compasses that open to reveal
a sundial (popular with Rogers’ Rangers during the French
and Indian War) to models worn on the wrist, stored in the
handle of a survival knife (p. 197), etc. $25, neg. LC4.

=== Maps (TL5) ===

The first topographic map of an entire country was
completed in France in 1793 – the work of four generations
of cartographers. Louis and Clark mapped parts of
the Louisiana Purchase, and the Union army produced
nearly 50,000 maps a year during the American Civil War.
American infantry divisions during WWII printed maps
by the ton, which were updated constantly from aerial
reconnaissance.

Successful use of the Cartography skill (p. B183) allows
a mapmaker to create a map accurate enough for navigation
– that is, to fix a location or plot a course. However, collecting
the information to place on a map can involve a variety
of skills: Observation, Electronics Operation (Sensors),
Interrogation, Photography, etc. For more on mapping, see
Mapping Overland Journeys (p. B491).

An accurate map is considered basic equipment for the
Forward Observer and Navigation skills. Inaccurate maps
give from -1 to -5 for improvised equipment. Having no map
at all gives -10!

Costs range from free to exorbitant; $15 for a national
road atlas and $30 for a detailed topographic map of a
region are typical. At TL8, topographic maps for an entire
continent are $100 and fit on one CD. Weight is 0.1 lb.

=== Marine Chronometers (TL5) ===

An invention of the 1760s, the marine chronometer is a clock accurate to within seconds over the course of several months. It’s kept set to the time at a location of known longitude – historically, Greenwich, England. The constant
rotational speed of the Earth lets a navigator use the difference between the set time and local time to fix his longitude. Many ships carry three chronometers as a safety measure.

A marine chronometer gives +1 to Navigation (Sea) by itself. When used with navigating instruments (below), the combined bonus is +3.

Pocket Chronometer (TL5). A chronometer the size of an oversized pocket watch. $500, 0.5 lb. LC4.

Ship’s Chronometer (TL5). An extremely accurate clock, mounted in gimbals so as not to be affected by the motion of a ship. $1,000, 15 lbs. LC4.

=== Navigating Instruments (TL5) ===
These include chart books, compass, sextant (or its precursors, cross-staff and astrolabe), dividers, lead line, log (to toss overboard to figure speed), and sand-glass (to measure time). Collectively, this gear gives +2 to Navigation (Sea) at TL5, +3 at TL6+. $3,000, 30 lbs. LC4.

=== Surveying Instruments (TL5) ===

Surveyors are in constant demand for road, bridge, and
fortress construction. A typical surveying crew consists of
three or four men. Starting from a known point, they can
locate any point within five miles to an accuracy of one inch.
This requires a day’s work.
The necessary tools include compass, transit, chains,
flags, plotting boards, and drawing instruments. These provide
+2 to Mathematics (Surveying) or Navigation (Land).
$1,000, 300 lbs. LC4.

=== Global Positioning System Receiver (TL8) ===

In 1978, the U.S. launched the first Global Positioning
System (GPS) satellite, fitted with extremely precise timeand
station-keeping electronics. A receiver on the ground
can locate itself via the signals broadcast by a “constellation”
of several such satellites within line of sight, thereby
providing accurate coordinates in three dimensions (latitude,
longitude, and altitude). The unit also displays the
exact time – the satellites’ internal clocks are synchronized
to within nanoseconds!

A GPS receiver gives +3 to Navigation (Air, Land, or Sea)
while it’s within line of sight of a satellite constellation.
Maximum accuracy is to within a few feet. Early units were
the size of a paperback book, but the smallest ones today fit
inside a wristwatch or other tiny electronic device (add $50).
A typical handheld model, the size of pack of cigarettes:
$100, 0.25 lb., 2¥S/40 hrs. LC4.

==== LOAD-BEARING GEAR ====

When setting off on an adventure, all the supplies and
high-tech gadgets in the world won’t do you much good if
you can’t carry or ship them!

=== Canteens (TL5) ===

A canteen (from the Italian cantina, meaning “wine cellar”)
is a water flask – a desert explorer’s most important
kit. All of these containers but the water pack slosh loudly
if not filled to the brim, negating the Stealth benefits of
load-bearing equipment (p. 54). The weights given assume
a container full of water (2 lbs./quart). Note that water in a
canteen will soon freeze solid in winter.

Canteen (TL5). A basic, 1-quart canteen. At TL5, it’s
made of wood, copper, or tin. At TL6, it’s aluminum or steel,
often with a small cup, and easily wrecked if handled
roughly (stepped on, dropped from a height, etc.). At TL7+,
plastic models are much less susceptible to damage. These
have a receptacle in the cap that mates with a tube on a gas
mask (p. 72), making it possible to drink from them in NBC
conditions. $10, 3 lbs. LC4.

Charcoal-Filtered Canteen (TL5). During the American
Civil War, sutlers peddled what looked like an ordinary,
quart-sized tin canteen. However, inside was a charcoal filter.
Water was poured in one spout, passed through the filter
in the middle, and poured out from the other side, ready
to drink. This gives +2 to HT rolls when drinking bacteriaridden
water (see Contagion, p. B443). $25, 3 lbs. LC4.

Water Bottle (TL8). A 1-quart drinking bottle made from
shatterproof plastic, popular with athletes and outdoorsy
types. $10, 2.5 lbs. LC4.

Water Pack (TL8). A 2-quart flexible bladder worn on the
back, with a drinking tube that extends over the shoulder.
The hose is bite-activated, so that the user can sip from it.
Most backpacks can accommodate a water pack. $25, 5 lbs.
LC4.

=== Containers (TL5) ===

Whether planning a year-long expedition or a weekend
trip, a traveler should pack his equipment carefully if he
expects to find it in one piece at his destination. The shipping
method determines the skill required: Packing
(p. B212) if animals are involved, Freight Handling
(p. B197) for vehicles of all types. A successful roll ensures
that the cargo survives intact. The GM may assess penalties
if the cargo is nonstandard (how do you ship an elephant?)
or fragile, or if the route or shipping method is particularly
arduous. A camera is far more likely to survive a 1,000-mile
journey on a jet plane than on a buckboard! Likewise, the
GM may grant bonuses for extra precautions, including
high-quality containers (p. B345).

Steamer Trunk (TL5). An iron-banded travel trunk with
lock. Holds 400 lbs. or 5 cubic feet. DR 2. $200, 40 lbs. LC4.

Wooden Barrel, Large (TL5). Holds 30 gallons. DR 1.
$200, 50 lbs. LC4.

Wooden Barrel, Small (TL5). Holds 5 gallons. DR 1. $65,
20 lbs. LC4.

Wooden Crate (TL5). Holds 300 lbs. or 5 cubic feet. DR
1. $25, 20 lbs. LC4.
55-Gallon Drum (TL6). DR 3. $50, 55 lbs. LC4.
5-Gallon Can (TL7). A common fuel or water container.
DR 3. $15, 10 lbs. LC4.

=== Cargo Containers (TL7) ===

At TL7-8, shippers use a cargo container – sometimes called a “container express,” or “conex” – to protect cargo.
A conex is a sheet-metal box that provides a safe means of moving cargo via multi-modal transportation (ship, rail,
and truck). Conexes can be stacked atop one another on ships and trains, handled by cranes, or attached to wheels
and towed like trailers.

Conexes can be found by the thousands at major ports, train stations, and trucking hubs. The most common sizes
are 20’ and 40’. Both come in “dry” and refrigerated versions. They can be converted to offices, storage sheds,
guard shacks, munitions-storage facilities, etc., with minimal effort.

20’ Conex (TL7). 20’¥8’¥8’6”. Gross weight is 26.5 tons. DR 4. $1,500, 2.5 tons (empty). LC4.

40’ Conex (TL7). 40’¥8’¥8’6”. Gross weight is 33.6 tons. DR 4. $1,500, 4 tons (empty). LC4.

=== Load-Bearing Equipment (TL5) ===

Until late TL5, load-bearing equipment (LBE) – the belts, bandoleers, etc., that soldiers wear to carry kit – is made of leather. It’s heavy, shiny, and squeaky. It tends to dry rot quickly, and requires a //lot// of cleaning and polishing
to outlast a single military campaign.

In 1877, U.S. Army Capt. Anson Mills drew on his experiences as a cavalry officer in the Indian Wars to develop the first cartridge belt made of fabric webbing. In his words, it was “lighter, more flexible, did not require oiling, and was less likely to break in the process of wetting and drying.” Mills’ webbing proved popular in America and abroad. He established the Mills Woven Cartridge Belt
Company in 1880 and retired a millionaire.

Proper LBE doesn’t merely help adventurers lug lots of gear – it lets them carry it efficiently. It comes in the standard quality grades (p. B345). The user must make a Soldier or IQ-based Hiking roll to set up and maintain LBE. Success lets the wearer add the quality bonus of his LBE to several die rolls, as described below. Failure means the LBE counts as improvised at best, giving -2 or worse instead.

First, the GM may require a DX roll to reach gear if it or its user is in an awkward position; e.g., a soldier lying atop his grenades or magazines, or trying to grab a grenade while hanging one-handed from a helicopter skid. Readying in close combat (p. B391) also calls for a DX roll. The quality bonus of LBE benefits these rolls.

As well, retrieving an article crammed into a pack, cargo pocket, etc., is a “long action” that takes 1d or 2d seconds (p. B383). Fast-Draw isn’t allowed. Grabbing an item from properly set-up LBE requires only a single Ready maneuver
– and a roll against a suitable Fast-Draw specialty makes this a free action. Add the quality bonus of LBE to such Fast-Draw rolls. Most people secure the flaps on LBE pouches (and packs) so things won’t fall out; opening a flap adds an extra Ready maneuver.

Finally, quality LBE benefits Stealth. With no LBE or only TL5 gear, Stealth suffers a penalty equal to encumbrance level; see p. B222. At TL6+, reduce this penalty by the quality bonus of LBE.

Cartridge Bandoleer (TL5). Bandoleers are a simple way to carry ammunition ready to use. They’re worn across the chest. A typical bandoleer holds 50 rifle, shotgun, or pistol rounds in loops. Takes one second (a Ready maneuver) to don or remove. $15, 1 lb. LC4.

Cross-Belts and Cartridge Pouch (TL5). A typical rig for a soldier from the 1700s through 1870, with leather belts crossed like suspenders and attached to a waist belt. A leather pouch – often metal-lined or with a wooden block inside – holds 20-40 paper cartridges. Takes five seconds to don, two seconds to remove. $50, 5 lbs. LC4.

Web Gear (TL6). A canvas belt and suspenders, with pouches for ammunition and equipment. A typical setup is two ammo pouches in the front; canteen, entrenching tool, or other gear on each hip; and a “butt pack” on the back. Fully loaded, it may support 20-30 lbs. Takes five seconds to don, two seconds to remove. $20, 3 lbs. LC4.

Load-Bearing Vest (TL7). The modern assault vest dates to the Vietnam War, and becomes popular in the late 1980s among SWAT teams and the like. An LBV is easier to take on and off – and the gear is carried up on the torso, which protects the contents when wading in water. It’s also less cumbersome in tight spots, which is important to tankers and aircrew. It’s designed to hold 20-30 lbs. of gear. Modern
body armor often features integral pouches and attachment points, making it equivalent to a LBV. Takes two seconds to don or remove. $30, 2 lbs. LC4.

=== Packs and Bags (TL5) ===

Explorers and soldiers alike prize a well-constructed backpack; for anyone who lives out of his pack, it pays to get the best tool for the job. British regulars during the Revolutionary War carried shaggy goatskin knapsacks – or flimsy canvas or linen bags, painted for extra protection. At TL5-6, most packs are leather or canvas like this, and incapable of keeping out the rain. At TL7, packs are made of
water- and mildew-proof synthetics. At TL8, advanced ergonomic features – including S-shaped shoulder straps, internal frames, hip pads, and wide, padded waist belts – make it easier than ever to pack a heavy load comfortably.

Make a Soldier or IQ-based Hiking roll to fit a pack. Failure means a poorly fitted pack that will cause moderate pain (see Afflictions, p. B428) after a day of hiking. The -2 for pain definitely applies to the Hiking skill! Quality equipment grants a Hiking bonus but is hard to find before TL7 – it’s the purview of custom outfitters, and generally made-to-order. Expedition packs can cost many hundred dollars.

At TL8, halve all pack weights.

Backpack, Small (TL5). A small backpack or haversack. From the French and Indian War until 1900, soldiers typically carried packs of this size. Holds 50 lbs. Double cost at TL8. $60, 3 lbs. LC4.

Travel Bag (TL5). A leather duffle or similar. Holds 100 lbs. $60, 10 lbs. LC4.

Waist Pack (TL5). A small haversack, large purse, or “butt pack.” Holds 10 lbs. $10, 1 lb. LC4.

Backpack, Large (TL6). A heavy pack with frame. Dubbed
a “mountaineering pack” by some, it’s typical of most modern
military expedition packs. Holds 100 lbs. Double cost at
TL8. $100, 10 lbs. LC4.

=== Humping, Tramping, and Yomping ===

Whatever you call it, marching cross-country under full kit is exhausting. The hiking rules in the Basic Set are intentionally simplistic – they assume fine weather, ideal terrain, and a grueling 16-hour day spent doing nothing but putting one foot in front of the other. Hikers often march for less than a full day, which can make it useful to know hourly movement rates.

Assume that speed in miles per hour equals Move/2. Adjust the pace as usual for terrain, weather, and roads; see p. B351. Note the FP costs for an hour of hiking given on p. B426 – good FP scores and the Fit advantage (p. B55) give a significant edge here! Extra effort works as usual (see p. B357). Each foraging attempt (p. B427) takes an hour, during which no progress is made.

==== CLIMBING AND MOUNTAINEERING GEAR ====

Perhaps the most famous climb in modern memory is
George Mallory’s third attempt at Mt. Everest in 1924.
Mallory and assistant Sandy Irvine were last seen less than
300 yards from the summit – “moving expeditiously” toward
the top, as one observer famously said – before they vanished.
New Zealander Sir Edmund Hillary and his Sherpa,
Tenzing Norgay, succeeded in 1953. Mallory’s remains were
discovered in 1999, but the mystery of whether he and
Irvine beat Hillary to the top remains.

=== Climbing Equipment (TL5) ===

Climbing is a complicated and potentially dangerous
undertaking. Ropes fray, bolts pull loose, and high winds
can toss a climber off a precipice without warning.
Sometimes, though, tackling a crag (or an office tower!) is
the only way to get the job done.

The well-equipped climber wears a harness connected to a safety line that is tied off to fasteners. This will stop his fall, should one occur. The results of a fall depend largely on the terrain and the precautions taken. In general, the maximum distance the climber can fall is twice the distance between the last fastener and his current position. Safety-conscious climbers tie off every few feet, guaranteeing a short fall with little chance of injury. Braver souls – and
those in a hurry – tie off less often.

The easiest way to come down is to rappel. This requires rope, a harness, and a carabiner or descender. Normally, the climber faces the wall (mountain, building, etc.), looks over his shoulder as he slides down the rope, and pushes off the wall with his feet. A more daring method is to stand directly out from the wall, facing downward, and run toward the bottom. SWAT men and soldiers sometimes rappel this way so that they can shoot on the way down! This counts as bad footing and a minor distraction, for a net -4 to hit (see p. B548) – but the Sure-Footed perk (p. 250) can partially mitigate the penalty.

Climbing is possible without special gear, but speed is reduced and there’s no limit to how far you can fall. For climbing and rappelling speeds, see Climbing (p. B349). For the consequences of a failed climb, see Falling (p. B431).

Fasteners (TL5). Also called “protection,” these devices
hold a rope fast in case the climber slips. Models differ by
function: some are hammered into rock, others are placed
in cracks or crevices, and still others are screwed into solid
ice. Be they soft iron spikes ($1, 0.5 lb. apiece), steel pitons
($5, 2.5 lbs. for 10), or ice screws ($5, 0.25 lb. apiece), all
penetrate the climbing surface. LC4.

Harness (TL5). A climbing and rappelling harness with
several snap-links or carabiners. $75, 3 lbs. LC4.
Ascender (TL6). Uses a cam or a ratchet to ascend a freehanging
rope. Cancels the -2 for climbing up a rope
(p. B349). $50, 1 lb. LC4.

Descender (TL6). A D-shaped device for rappelling down
a rope. Cancels the -1 for climbing down a rope (p. B349),
and allows the climber to stop and hang in midair with
both hands free. $50, 0.75 lb. LC4.

Hand Drill (TL7). A one-man rock drill (p. 26). It
requires one hand to hold the drill bit and another to hammer.
It takes 30 minutes to drill a 3” bolt hole in normal
rock. Bolts ($5, 0.1 lb. apiece) are hammered into the hole,
and expand to grip the sides firmly. $50, 0.5 lb. LC4.

Climbing Kit (TL8). Harness, ascender, descender, an
assortment of fasteners, and 100 yards of 3/8” rope. A highquality
kit provides a bonus to Climbing skill. $400, 26 lbs.
LC4.

Mini-Rappel Kit (TL8). A complete rappelling system:
harness, carabiner, descender, and 33 yards of 1/4” rope.
The whole kit fits in a small belt pouch. $150, 3 lbs. LC4.

=== Grappling Hook (TL5) ===

Getting a grapnel to the target requires a DX-3 or
Throwing roll. Maximum throwing distance is ST¥2 yards.
Load limit is 300 lbs. at TL5, doubled at TL7. When a grapnel
lands on stone, concrete, or similar materials, it can
ring loudly – make an unmodified Hearing roll at 1 yard. A
padded grapnel (+1 lb.) gives -2 to Hearing. At TL8, double
cost buys a non-sparking, nonmagnetic version. $20, 2 lbs.
LC4.

=== Ice and Snow Gear (TL5) ===

If climbing is challenging and dangerous, then tackling a mountain or crossing a glacier can be downright deadly. There are over 120 corpses on Mt. Everest, with new ones added each year. Dangers include hypothermia, frostbite, avalanche, collapsing crevasses, and altitude sickness. Well-equipped modern climbers use the equipment below, plus air masks and air tanks.

Crampons (TL5). These are heavy foot spikes attached to
an explorer’s boots. They “grab” the ice like football cleats,
granting Terrain Adaptation (Ice) (p. B93) and giving +1 to
Climbing on ice. Crampons can be worn with boots, shoes,
or snowshoes. The wicked spikes give +2 to kicking damage,
but are noisy when worn on tile floors, concrete, bare
rock, and the like: -2 to Stealth. $100, 4 lbs. LC4.

Ice Axe (TL5). This is a one-handed tool used by
climbers and explorers. The head has a hooked and serrated
“pick” on one face and an adze on the other. It can be
used stop a fall, or to chop handholds or steps out of ice.
The butt has a sharp point and the top of the head is
smooth, allowing the climber to use it as a walking stick,
with the point digging into the ice for leverage. Treat as a
pick (p. B271) in combat. $100, 2 lbs. LC4.

Skis (TL5). Skiers treat snow as “good” terrain when
moving cross-country (see Hiking, p. B351), and retain
their normal Move on level terrain. Movement uphill is
halved unless using ski climbers ($15, 0.5 lb.), which give
normal Move. Going downhill, tremendous speeds can be
reached – Olympic skiers on prepared slopes have been
clocked at 50 mph, and ski jumpers at 90 mph. Early skis
are wooden, bound to the feet with leather straps. At TL8,
skis are mostly laminated composite: halve weight. $175,
10 lbs. LC4.

Snowshoes (TL5). Snowshoes attach to boots with
bindings of leather, cloth, or, at TL7-8, cold-resistant plastic.
Their large surface area reduces the depth to which a
hiker will sink into snow; treat all snow as “ankle-deep,”
regardless of its actual depth (see Hiking, p. B351). The
snowshoes’ bulk gives -1 to Move, however. For longdistance
movement, use the Hiking skill; those unfamiliar
with snowshoes are at -2 (see Familiarity, p. B169). At TL8,
high-performance snowshoes weigh half as much and are
faster: they prevent sprinting but don’t otherwise reduce
Move. $100, 5 lbs. LC4.

Avalanche Transceiver (TL8). This is a personal rescue
beacon (p. 58) with a 20- to 50-yard range when buried
under snow.

=== Rope (TL5) ===

The load limits given below are working loads, set at
10% of the rope’s tensile strength. Any rope that’s likely to
be given a sudden jerk, or that’s under constant tension,
abrasion, or similar stressful circumstances, shouldn’t be
loaded past this level. Exceeding this limit invites problems
and shortens the rope’s life.

Cord (TL5). Hemp. Supports 50 lbs. Per 10 yards: $5, 1.5
lbs. LC4.

Rope, 1/2” (TL5). Hemp. Supports 300 lbs. Per 10 yards:
$30, 3.6 lbs. LC4.

Rope, 2 1/2” (TL5). Hemp. Supports 1 ton. Per 10 yards:
$450, 55 lbs. LC4.

Rope, 1/2” (TL6). Manila. Supports 350 lbs. Per 10 yards:
$10, 2.2 lbs. LC4.

Rope, 1 1/2” (TL6). Manila. Supports 1 ton. Per 10 yards:
$75, 18 lbs. LC4.

Cord (TL7). Synthetic. Seven inner lines – useful for fishing,
suturing, or sewing – with a nylon covering. Supports
55 lbs. Per 100 yards: $15, 1 lb. LC4.

Rope, 1/4” (TL8). Synthetic. Supports 500 lbs. Per 10
yards: $30, 0.6 lb. LC4.

Rope, 3/8” (TL8). Synthetic. Supports 650 lbs. Per 10
yards: $25, 1.6 lbs. LC4.

Rope, 1/2” (TL8). Synthetic. Supports 2 tons. Per 10
yards: $90, 2 lbs. LC4.

=== Suction Cups (TL7) ===

In 1981, Dan Goodwin used three high-powered vacuum
cups to climb the Sears Tower in six hours. Highstrength
suction cups can hold up 200 lbs. and cancel the
-3 for climbing a modern building (p. B349). Each: $80, 3
lbs. LC4.

=== Personal Lifting Device (TL8) ===

This is a portable, one-man climbing hoist. It clips onto
a climber’s harness. At the touch of a button, it can ascend
or descend a rope at 3 yards per second. A fuel cartridge
($100, 2 lbs.) powers an ascent of 200 yards. Lifting capacity
is 300 lbs. $8,000, 7 lbs. LC3.

==== SURVIVAL AND CAMPING GEAR ====

When the best-laid plans fall apart, proper survival kit
can mean the difference between a bad day and your last
day. The same gear can make a weekend camping trip a
wonderful natural experience.

=== Shelters (TL1) ===

Whether retreating from an arctic wind or hiding from
the blistering sun, man’s thin skin requires shelter. Each
item below notes a modifier to HT and HT-based Survival
rolls to avoid FP loss in freezing weather (p. B430); having
no equipment gives -5. Quality bonuses are cumulative
with these modifiers. As well, appropriate sleeping gear
improves sleep quality, reducing the likelihood of FP loss
and consequent penalties to DX, IQ, and self-control rolls
(see Missed Sleep, p. B426).

Blanket (TL1). The most likely sleeping gear up to World
War I is a simple woolen blanket (or several blankets, in
extreme cold). During the American Civil War, soldiers on
both sides carried a blanket roll – with a rubberized gum
blanket on the outside (a tarp, below), if they were lucky.
Survival modifier: -2. $20, 4 lbs. LC4.

Sleeping Bag (TL5). In the 1850s, this means a fleecelined
rubberized blanket. Modern versions are made of
waterproof yet breathable materials. Divide weight by 2 at
TL6-7, by 4 at TL8. Survival modifier: 0 at TL5-7, +1 at TL8.
$100, 8 lbs. LC4.

Tarp (TL5). A heavy canvas or rubberized ground sheet
– also called a “gum blanket” or a “ground fly.” Modern versions
are made of waterproof polyurethane. Ultralight
backpackers use one for a tent. Halve weight at TL8.
Survival modifier: +1. $20, 3 lbs. LC4.

Tent, Shelter Half (TL5). The standard U.S. Army tent from the Civil War through the 1980s, this is a small “pup” tent – so called because it’s barely big enough for a dog! It consists of two separate sheets of treated canvas, the “shelter
halves.” Weight includes poles and rope, which are split between two soldiers. Survival modifier: +1. $75, 10 lbs. LC4.

Tent, Wall (TL5). A common tent for an officer or a trapper
– something that Washington, Wellington, or Grant
might have used for a field headquarters. It’s big enough to
sleep six men. Survival modifier: +1. $350, 80 lbs. LC4.

Sleeping Bag, Heavy (TL6). A canvas-covered bag lined
with sheepskin, which the 1902 Sears and Roebuck catalog
called “the best bed ever invented for outdoor sleeping.”
Modern waterproof versions use synthetics and are much
lighter: divide weight by 4 and multiply cost by 5 at TL8.
Survival modifier: +3. $100, 15 lbs. LC4.

Blanket, Emergency (TL7). A fragile, metallized “space
blanket” that reflects heat back toward the sleeper while
repelling rain and wind. Survival modifier: -1. $5, 0.25 lb.
LC4.

Tent, Dome (TL8). A modern, waterproof, expeditiongrade
tent for four men. It can withstand wind speeds
beyond 50 mph. It takes about a minute to set up. A two-man
version is half cost and 1/3 weight. Survival modifier: +2.
$150, 12 lbs. LC4.

Tent, Personal (TL8). A bivouac (“bivy”) tent just large
enough for one person. It’s water- and windproof, and sets up
in about a minute. Survival modifier: +1. $100, 1 lb. LC4.

=== Cooking Gear (TL5) ===

When cooking in the wild, use the Survival skill to
prepare an edible meal, the Cooking skill to produce more
sumptuous cuisine.

Field Kitchen (TL5). A kitchen for 20 men, including serving
and preparation utensils, stowed in a wooden box. $600,
80 lbs. LC4.

Hobo Knife (TL5). A pocket-sized jackknife with knife,
fork, and spoon. When unfolded, it splits into two separate
sections that can be used individually: a knife and a
fork/spoon. A favorite of Union troops and Boy Scouts. $5,
0.25 lb. LC4.

Camp Stove (TL6). A portable cook stove suitable for an
individual or a small group. It’s often called a “primus” in
honor of the popular Primus brand of stoves, first sold in
1892; explorers and adventurers have used similar stoves
ever since. Most can boil a quart of water in 4 minutes or
less. The original stoves generally used gasoline or kerosene,
burning a 1-pint tank dry in two hours. Many makers
switched to propane at TL7 (a 1-lb. cylinder lasts for about
an hour and costs $5). The newest TL8 stoves have piezoelectric
ignition and titanium bodies (¥3 cost, ¥1/3 weight). $40,
1 lb. LC4.

Sea Kettle (TL6). A 2-quart “chimney kettle” or “jacket
boiler.” Heat from a fire built in the base of kettle escapes out
the chimney, heating up water stored in the jacket. This very
efficiently brings the water to a boil; only a handful of twigs
or a sheet or two of newspaper is necessary to boil 2 quarts
of water in a couple of minutes. A rack fits over the mouth of
the chimney for cooking a small meal. $75, 2 lbs. LC4.

Cooler (TL7). Coleman sold their first cooler in 1954. This example is capable of holding 16 cubic feet. It uses 25 lbs. of ice in three days in temperate conditions. At TL8, it uses external power to control the temperature thermoelectrically, from 40°F to 120°F. $150, 25 lbs. LC4.

Fuel Tablets (TL7). Many armies issued flammable fuel tablets during WWII; soldiers burned them to prepare a cup of coffee, tea, or soup. Each waterproof tablet burns for 15 minutes and can boil a quart of water in 5 minutes. A pack
of 30: $10, 1 lb. LC4.

Group Mess Kit (TL7). A lightweight kit for four, with frying
pan, bowl, and pot. At TL8, a titanium version is ¥4 cost
but ¥1/3 weight. $30, 5 lbs. LC4.

Personal Mess Kit (TL7). A small cooking kit for one: small cook pot, can opener, fork, knife, cup, and spoon. At TL8, a titanium version is ¥3 cost, but weight is a mere 0.3 lb. $15, 1 lb. LC4.

Solar Stove (TL7). In clear conditions, a solar stove can cook a meal in about the same amount of time as a fire. This commercial model includes an airtight cooking box, a temperature gauge, and a polished mirror to focus sunlight on the food. $250, 20 lbs., LC4.

Alcohol Pocket Stove (TL8). A tiny stove favored by backpackers, it can be made with a pocketknife and a couple of discarded soda cans in about 15 minutes. It can boil a quart of water in less than 10 minutes using an ounce of alcohol.
A store-bought model is $20, neg. LC4.

Meal Heaters (TL8). Just add water and place a military ration (p. 35) inside the pouch. The flameless chemical reaction reaches nearly 180°F, and cooks the meal in minutes. Per dozen: $5, 1 lb. LC4.

=== Fire Starters (TL5) ===

Building a fire with natural materials requires a DX-based Survival roll. Most of the items below give +5 to +10 to this task. Thus, the GM should only require a roll in extraordinary circumstances – wet weather, high winds, etc.

Flint and Steel (TL5). Flint and steel can make a fire in less than 30 seconds in ideal conditions. Specially prepared “char-cloth,” made by cooking scraps of cloth inside a tin, will catch a spark even in windy conditions. $5, neg. LC4.

Magnifying Glass (TL5). A small lens can easily start a fire on a sunny day. Such “burning glasses” were common firestarting tools during the Napoleonic period. $10, neg. LC4.

Matches (TL5). The first successful strike-anywhere friction matches – called “lucifers” – became available around 1830. Paper matchbooks are a TL6 invention, from the 1890s. Varnished, waterproof matches that will light even when wet are also TL6. A box of 50 matches is $0.25, neg. LC4.

Musket (TL5). With a black-powder firearm, fire is always as close at hand – just fire a blank charge into a pile of tinder. If the gun is loaded and/or the sound would draw unwanted attention, stick a twig in the touchhole, put charcloth and tinder in the flashpan, and catch a spark from the flint.

Cigarette Lighter (TL6). The famous Zippo was invented in 1932, but it was based on earlier designs, including WWI trench lighters. A lighter is good for several hundred lights and has a continuous burn time of about 20-30 minutes. At TL8, triple cost buys a windproof, waterproof model. $10, neg. LC4.

Fire-Starter Paste (TL6). A highly flammable substance
used for lighting wet kindling in arctic conditions. A tube is
enough for 20 fires. $5, 0.25 lb. LC4.

Solar Reflector (TL7). A pocket-sized parabolic reflector,
which when aimed at the sun on a clear day will cause tinder
to catch fire. An hour’s work polishing the bottom of a
soda can with a mild abrasive (toothpaste or chocolate
works fine) will create a perfectly functional solar reflector.
A commercial stainless-steel version is $10, neg. LC4.

=== Fishing and Trapping Kit (TL5) ===

A fisherman or trapper can make up to five Fishing or
Survival rolls per day for food; see Foraging (p. B427).

Fishing Kit (TL5). A few hooks and sinkers, and a length of
fishing line. Basic equipment for Fishing, and often found in
survival kits (pp. 58-59). $5, neg. LC4.

Traps (TL5). Spring-powered “bear trap” devices, staked to
the ground with a chain, give +1 (quality) to Survival. They
have a rated ST, and inflict thr+2 crushing damage for that
ST. Victims roll against this ST during attempts to break free
(p. B371). The two most common sizes are the beaver trap
(ST 8, $20, 2.5 lbs.) and a monster-sized version for large
predators (ST 15, $75, 35 lbs.). LC3.

Fishing Outfit (TL6). A pole with reel, plus a toolbox with
an assortment of jigs and lures. Gives +2 (quality) to Fishing.
$200, 10 lbs. LC4.

Snare (TL6). A steel wire snare is a common survival-kit
item. It’s basic Survival equipment for trapping small game.
$1, neg. LC4.

=== Rescue Signaling Devices (TL5) ===

When it isn’t enough merely to survive, equipment beyond
the tried-and-true signal fire can help signal rescuers. Except
for the whistle, all of the items below grant at least +2 to
Vision rolls made by a rescuer to spot the signaler, as long as
there’s a line of sight.

Whistle (TL5). Detected on an unmodified Hearing roll at
128 yards. $5, neg. LC4.

Hand Flare (TL6). A brightly burning road flare that can
easily set fires. Lasts about 30 minutes. Illuminates a 5-yard
radius. $5, 1 lb. LC4.

Signal Mirror (TL6). A signal mirror has a hole in the center
for sighting on aircraft or ships. Under optimum conditions,
it can generate 8 million candlepower and be seen over
50 miles away. At TL7+, it’s made of silvered plastic to avoid
breakage. $5, neg. LC4.

Pen Flare (TL7). A disposable, pen-sized launcher, often
found on the sleeve of military flight suits. Shoots a colored
signal flare to 70 yards. $15, 0.1 lb. LC4.

Strobe Marker (TL7). A palm-sized flashing light, visible up
to 2 miles away. At TL8, a military-grade model acts as flashlight
and has snap-on filter for infrared-only signaling (¥5
cost). $25, 0.25 lb., XS/8 hrs. LC4.

Laser Rescue Flare (TL8). A powerful laser that can be seen
by aircraft up to 10 miles away. The user aims it at the aircraft
cockpit. $50, 0.1 lb., T/week. LC4.

=== Survival Kits (TL5) ===

Survival kits are optimized for the environment in which they’ll most likely be used. This normally corresponds to one of the Survival specialties described on p. B224. The two basic categories are land and aquatic; kits intended for one give -3 to Survival when used for the other. A kit from a different specialty within the same category gives -1 to skill if the specialties are similar (e.g., an arctic kit in a mountain environment), -2 if they’re very different (e.g., a desert kit when you need a jungle kit). A kit for Urban Survival (p. B228) is
possible; it falls into its own category, giving -3 if used in place of any conventional kit, or vice versa.

It’s difficult to generalize about what’s “essential,” since that’s situational, but experts list these basic requirements:

  * Fire starter (flint and steel, matches, or lighter).

  * Food and water collection (fish hooks, snares, iodine tablets and plastic water bags, etc.).

  * General-purpose utility tool (knife, axe, or machete).

  * Shelter (life raft, sunshade, mosquito repellant or netting, etc.).

  * Signaling device (whistle, flare gun, rescue beacon, etc.).

If the kit doesn’t cover one of these areas, or if a class of gear is lost or used up, assess the -1 for “missing important items” (see Equipment Modifiers, p. B345). As the kit is depleted, it degrades to the level of improvised equipment at
best. Good- and fine-quality kits are bigger because they include several items of each type, giving the survivor a backup in case something is lost or malfunctions. The best kits contain items that can’t be used up or that work on
wholly different principles (flint and steel, waterproof matches, and fire-starting paste).

=== Personal Rescue Beacon (TL7) ===
This is a radio beacon (p. 210) the size of a cigarette pack. It’s tied into a global satellite network so that when the beacon is activated, rescue teams are
notified. At TL7, the beacon is located via radio direction finders mounted in rescue vehicles, and it might take rescuers 6 hours or more to get a fix. At TL8, location is determined from GPS data broadcast by the beacon – which is much more reliable – and the time from activation to an alert at a rescue center is a mere 3-10 minutes. $1,000, 0.75 lb., S/24 hrs. LC4.

=== Personal Basics (TL5) ===

This is basic equipment for a particular Survival skill specialty – the minimum that each person needs during a life-threatening situation in a specific environment. In all cases, it includes a knife of some sort, a light source and/or a fire starter, and some means to procure food and clean water. The
specifics vary depending on the hardware available at the tech level (flint and steel instead of a lighter, cell phone in place of a signal mirror, etc.) and on the intended environment (money is much more useful than a fishing kit in an
Urban Survival situation!). This gear alone might weigh 0.5
lb. or less.

However, many items might appear in a given adventurer’s personal basics; e.g., cord, duct tape, eating utensils, first aid kit, hip flask, notebook, towel, and water bottle. Prescription medicines and a spare pair of contacts or glasses (p. 225), are also a good idea.

In general, total cost is around 1% of the monthly cost of living, and overall weight is about 1 lb.

=== Covert Survival Kit (TL7) ===

The ultimate in “minimalist,” this is basic woodland survival gear concealed in the lining of a belt: compass, empty 1-quart plastic water bag, fishing kit,
matches, micro-flashlight, multi-function knife, notebook, sewing kit, signal mirror, snare, water purification tablets, wire saw, and a few feet each of cord and duct tape. $100, 0.5 lb. LC4.

=== Pilot’s Survival Vest (TL7) ===

A jungle survival kit contained on a load-bearing vest, this gives a +1 (quality) to Survival (Jungle). It includes: cigarette lighter, compass, emergency blanket, empty 1-quart plastic water bag, fishing kit, insect repellant, magnifying glass,
matches, multi-function knife, pen flare, signal mirror, small first aid kit, snares, strobe marker, sunscreen, water purification tablets, whistle, and two snacks. In addition to all this, military versions add a handgun and ammunition – and most pilots add a larger knife and either a small radio or a personal rescue beacon. The civilian version is $250, 5 lbs. LC4.

=== Water-Processing Equipment (TL6) ===

The first priority in a long-term survival situation is to find a reliable water source. Leaving water in a clear, closed container on a reflective surface in the sun for six hours will kill any bacteria in it (a process called “solar water disinfection” or “SODIS”). Boiling water for 20 minutes also works. There are other ways to obtain potable water, however.

Chemical Desalter Kit (TL6). Standard equipment aboard life rafts and aircraft is a small box with eight bars of desalting chemical and a plastic bag. Each bar is dropped into a seawater-filled bag. Five minutes later, a quart of water is
ready to drink. $25, 0.5 lb. LC4.

Water Filter (TL6). A water filter works by pushing water
through some kind of filter medium (paper, charcoal, etc.).
This gives a bonus equal to (TL-2) to HT rolls when drinking
bacteria-ridden water (see Contagion, p. B443) but doesn’t
remove salt – for that, use a desalinator (below). It takes a
minute to filter a quart of water. At TL8, divide weight by 8.
$100, 8 lbs. LC4.

Water Purification Tablets (TL6). A tiny amount of chlorine
or iodine can kill most bacteria in a water supply in about 30
minutes. The taste leaves a lot to be desired, but it is safe. A
bottle of 50 tablets: $5, neg. LC4.

Solar Water Still (TL7). A plastic bag or a rubber bladder used to distill potable water from almost anything with water in it – cactus pulp, kelp, seawater, etc. The still works by evaporation, using the power of the sun. It produces up to a quart of potable water a day. Make a Survival roll to use it
and gather the water. $30, 2 lbs. LC4.

Hand-Pumped Desalinator (TL8). This is modern lifeboat equipment. The pump filters a cup of water for every 10 minutes of pumping (costs 1 FP). A larger model (¥3 cost and weight) produces a quart of water for the same effort. The filter lasts for 15,000 gallons. $500, 2.5 lbs. LC4.

MIOX Water Purifier (TL8). This pen-sized gadget uses an electrolytic process to create a chemical “cocktail” of mixed oxidants (MIOX) that safely eliminates microbiological contamination in water. The battery-powered device uses table
salt to produce a salty liquid that’s left mixed with drinking water for 15 minutes to four hours, depending on the water’s condition. After that, the water is safe to drink. $100, 0.25 lb., S/200 quarts. LC4.

UV Purifier (TL8). A UV light source inside a special one-quart container. Water exposed to the UV light for 1-2 minutes is safe from microbiological contamination. $100, 2.5 lbs. (full), 4¥XS/20 quarts. LC4.

=== Comforts (TL7) ===

A few comforts from home are always welcome on the trail!

Camp Shower (TL7). A one-gallon shower bag. An hour of direct sunlight can heat it to over 90°F. $20, 2 lbs. LC4.

Chemical Toilet (TL7). A plastic bucket with seat. Kills bacteria and odors. $30, 7 lbs. LC4.

Clothes Washer (TL8). A hand-cranked washer that cleans up to 5 lbs of clothes in 2 minutes. $50, 4 lbs. LC4.

Espresso Maker (TL8). Prepares one serving in about 3 minutes. $10, 2 lbs. LC4.

==== MARITIME GEAR ====

The sea is a cruel mistress. It pays to enter her domain
well-prepared.

=== Life Jackets (TL5) ===

The life jacket is the essential maritime life-saving
device. The earliest models date to 1850s Britain, and were
made from huge blocks of cork sewn into a canvas vest.
Any life jacket gives +6 to Swimming rolls to avoid drowning
(p. B354) but -3 in Quick Contests of Swimming when
racing (see Swimming, p. B224).

Life Jacket (TL5). At TL5, cork-block construction gives
-3 to Swimming rolls to avoid injury when first entering the
water. At TL6-8, better materials eliminate this problem
and weigh half as much. $10, 5 lbs. LC4.
Flotation Belt (TL6). A heavy webbing belt with two rubber
tubes inside. It was issued by the thousands during
WWII. When activated, two CO2 cylinders inflate the belt.
$15, 2 lbs. LC4.

Flotation Vest (TL8). A concealable life jacket – often
incorporated into a load-bearing vest (p. 54). It can be manually
activated or set to inflate automatically on entering
the water. Its self-righting design will keep even an unconscious
person’s head out of the water. $150, 3 lbs. LC4.

=== Skin-Diving Equipment (TL6) ===

Modern skin diving got its start in the 1920s, when Guy
Gilpatric began using aviation goggles while spearing fish
in the French Riviera. The standard equipment we know
today soon followed.

Dive Mask (TL6). See Goggles.

Snorkel (TL6). This modern snorkel with a rubber
mouthpiece lets a swimmer keep his face in the water while
swimming on the surface. $25, 1 lb. LC4.

Swim Fins (TL6). Although Benjamin Franklin fiddled
with an early prototype, modern swim fins were custommade
for divers during the 1930s. Commercial models
appeared in 1940. Each fin requires a Ready maneuver to
don or remove. They provide Enhanced Move 0.5 (Water)
but reduce Move to 2 on land. $25, 3 lbs. LC4.

=== Miscellaneous Maritime Gear (TL7) ===

These items provide an extra degree of safety for those
on the open water.

Dive Cage (TL7). A divers’ shelter for shark-infested
waters. It has space for up to three men. A buoyancycontrol
device allows use on or below the surface. DR 20.
$3,000, 600 lbs. LC4.

Dye Marker (TL7). A container of fluorescent dye.
Released in water, it takes 3d seconds to make a luminous
circle 30’ in diameter, which gives +2 to Vision rolls to see
it. It lasts for about half an hour in normal sea conditions.
$5, 0.5 lb. LC4.

Life Raft (TL7). A round, high-visibility, self-inflating raft
for one in a soda can-sized package – with weather canopy,
sea anchor, etc. A larger, four-person model is also available
(¥3 weight and cost). $50, 5 lbs. LC4.

Emergency Beacon (TL8). This wrist-worn, short-range
radio beacon triggers automatically if submerged and can
also be activated manually. It is part of the “man-overboard
system” common on yachts and commercial fishing boats.
When activated, an alarm sounds aboard the vessel and a
shipboard radio direction finder (pp. 38-39) indicates distance
and direction to the beacon. Each locator can be
assigned a coded ID so that it reveals the survivor’s identity
as well. $300, 0.25 lb., XS/8 hrs. LC4.

=== Rebreathers (TL7) ===

Diving rebreathers actually predate conventional scuba
gear and were first used as submarine escape equipment.
Since they recirculate the diver’s exhaled gases instead of
exhausting them, they draw much less attention on the surface
– a useful trait for military divers. For details, see
Rebreathers (p. 76).

=== Scuba Gear (TL7) ===

French naval officer Jacques-Yves Cousteau and Air
Liquide engineer Emile Gagnan produced a working model
of the “aqua-lung” in 1943. Models reached the U.S. in
1948. By 1958, over 25,000 had been sold – thanks in no
small part to the TV adventure series Sea Hunt.

A scuba (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus)
setup is an “open-circuit” breathing system – it releases
the diver’s exhaled breaths into the water. Such gear is
wasteful of air but simple to operate compared to a “closedcircuit”
rebreather (p. 76). Its biggest limitation is that it’s
restricted to relatively shallow dive depths.

Micro-Scuba Rig (TL7). A complete breathing rig with
mouthpiece, regulator, etc., used as a backup by divers if
their main system malfunctions. It provides air for 30-60
breaths; see Holding Your Breath (p. B351). Holdout -3.
$200, 2 lbs. LC4.

Scuba Gear (TL7). A comprehensive set of scuba-diving
equipment: wetsuit, dive mask, snorkel, fins, buoyancy
compensator, medium air tank, regulator, weight belt, and
so on. See Chapter 4 for details on air tanks and scuba
masks. $1,500, 45 lbs. LC4.

==== PARACHUTING GEAR ====

In 1797, André Garnerin leapt out of a hydrogen
balloon 3,200’ above Paris . . . and survived, courtesy of
his invention, the first practical parachute. Interest in this
technology grew enormously with the development of
powered flight in TL6.

The first widespread use of parachutes was during WWI
– initially as an escape device for balloonists, and later for
pilots and even spies. In the 1920s, the Soviets conducted
the first military exercises with parachute infantry, proving
that a force could be landed behind enemy lines. Whole
armies of parachutists were organized during WWII. Many
countries maintain “airborne” units today; 100 U.S. Army
Rangers parachuted into Afghanistan in 2001, and 1,000
airborne troops landed on a single airfield in Iraq in 2003.
Parachutes aren’t exclusively safety gear and military
kit. The civilian sport of skydiving blossomed in the ’60s
and ’70s, thanks to safer parachutes and better training. All
types of parachutes and parachuting use the Parachuting
skill (p. B212).

=== Parachutes (TL5) ===

A parachutist must make a Parachuting roll to use his
equipment correctly on a jump. After pulling the ripcord on
his parachute, he’ll fall a minimum of 80 yards before the
canopy opens completely. Should he hit the ground before
then, assume that he has half the usual velocity for the fall.
Once his chute is entirely open, he falls at 5 yards per second
(variables include canopy size, parachutist weight,
thermals, etc.), and drifts with the wind. Add 1 yard per second
to landing speed per 50 lbs. over the parachute’s maximum
rated weight. A chute carrying 120% or more of its
rated weight simply fails. Ram-air devices differ in several
ways (see below).

Beginning at TL8, most parachutes are equipped with
an automatic barometric actuating device that deploys the
canopy at a preset altitude – usually 1,000’. This safety feature
prevents an unconscious jumper from plummeting to
his death. Of course, it can malfunction or be intentionally
deactivated (or sabotaged!).
It takes 10 seconds to put on a parachute, 2 seconds to
take it off.

Parachute (TL5). The earliest experimental parachutes
had no hole in the top to allow air to escape, so they oscillated
ferociously. Parachutists jumping with these poorly
designed parachutes must make a HT-4 roll to avoid
becoming nauseated (p. B428). Maximum suspended
weight is 150 lbs. $500, 50 lbs. LC4.

Parachute (TL6). One of the first commercial parachutes
was the Guardian Angel, sold in England from 1917. This is
a standard round parachute opened by a static line or by
hand. It isn’t controllable and thus relies on the jumpmaster
and the aircraft pilot for accuracy in hitting the drop
zone. The current U.S. Army T-10 is very similar. Maximum
suspended weight is 150 lbs. (200 lbs. at TL7, 250 lbs. at
TL8). A reserve chute adds $250, 15 lbs. $750, 30 lbs. LC4.

Mini-Parachute (TL8). A parachute in a slim backpack
that can be concealed under a jacket (¥5 cost) with ripaway
back panels. One model is marketed as a high-rise
building escape device. It opens in half the distance of a
normal chute. $1,000, 8 lbs. LC4.
Parachute Navigation Device (TL8). This gadget combines
GPS (p. 53) and a helmet-mounted HUD to project a
directional arrow that guides the parachutist to his landing
zone. Military models are designed to work with nightvision
goggles. $1,500, 1 lb., XS/20 hrs. LC3.

Ram-Air Parachute (TL8). At TL8, sport jumpers and
high-altitude military parachutists favor airfoil-style parachutes.
Such a chute is highly maneuverable. It can glide at
Move 15 relative to the ground – and with a good tailwind
at 20,000’, jumpers routinely cruise as fast as Move 35, flying
dozens of miles under canopy in the right conditions.
This allows black-ops teams to exit an aircraft at great altitude
and fly in formation to a distant drop zone. Jumpers
attempting such stunts require an air mask (pp. 72-73) and
air tanks (p. 74) to avoid passing out due to lack of oxygen;
see Atmospheric Pressure (p. B429). Maximum suspended
weight is 400 lbs. For performance data as vehicle, see the
Air Conveyances Table (p. 232). With reserve: $3,500, 25 lbs.
LC4.

=== Aerial Resupply (TL6) ===

Sometimes, the only way to get equipment to people on
the ground – be they smokejumpers, scientists in
Antarctica, or troops in an area too hot for a helicopter
landing – is to deliver it from the sky.

Parachute Container (TL6). A typical WWII-era cargo
container, this packet holds 250 lbs., or 5 cubic feet, of gear.
With parachute deployed, it descends at 6 yards per second,
drifting with the wind. Military chutes are often colorcoded
(blue for mail, green for ammunition, red for medical
supplies, etc.). $50, 25 lbs. LC4.

Guided Parachute Delivery (TL8). Using GPS (p. 53) to
guide the parachute via a strap-on control pack and a set of
control arms that look like shock absorbers, a GPD can
deliver cargo (like a parachute container, above) to preset
coordinates. Such a system – like the U.S. military’s Joint
Precision Airdrop System (JPADS), used in Afghanistan
and the Iraq War – can steer itself to within a few dozen
yards of the programmed landing point. It cruises at Move
10-15 relative to the ground. Maximum cargo load is 5 tons.
$70,000, 50 lbs. LC3.

Infiltration Pod (TL8). This is a streamlined human
cargo pod, like the EXINT (extraction/insertion) pod from
London-based AVPRO. It holds one person and attaches to
an aircraft’s hardpoints; a single AH-64 Apache helicopter
can carry four. The occupant has a radio, a navigation display,
and life support – but no controls! A GPS-guided control
system steers the pod precisely and lands it safely using
a combination of parachute and airbags. Maximum cargo
load, including occupant, is 500 lbs. $100,000, 700 lbs. LC3.

=== Death from Above ===

A parachutist may need to dispatch an unwanted
welcoming committee as he nears the ground. This
requires a Move and Attack maneuver, with a penalty
equal to the weapon’s Bulk or -2 (whichever is worse).
Roll against the lower of Parachuting or ranged
weapon skill to hit. Paratroopers who often find
themselves in this predicament might benefit from
the Mounted Shooting technique (p. 251).